Roth IRAs tend to get a lot of hype, and for good reason: because you pay the taxes upfront, your eventual withdrawals (assuming you meet the age and holding-period requirements—more on these below) are completely tax-free.
While we like “tax-free” as much as the next person, there are more times than you would imagine when a traditional IRA will put more money in your pocket than a Roth would.
Making the Decision on What’s Best
Example. Say that your tax rate is 32 percent and that you will invest $5,000 a year in an IRA and earn 6 percent interest. Should you put the $5,000 a year into a Roth or a traditional IRA?
Say further that neither you nor your spouse is covered by a workplace retirement plan, so you can contribute the $5,000 a year without worry because it’s under the contribution limits.
Traditional IRA
If you invest the $5,000 in a traditional IRA, you create a side fund of $1,600 ($5,000 x 32 percent).
On the side fund, you pay taxes each year at 32 percent, making your side fund grow at 4.08 percent (68 percent of 6 percent).
Roth IRA
Roth contributions are not deductible; this means no side fund, so your annual investment remains at $5,000.
Cashing Out
For the Roth, your marginal tax rate at the time of your payout doesn’t matter because you paid your taxes before the money went into the account. The whole amount is now yours, with no additional taxes due.
But for the traditional IRA, your current tax bracket matters a great deal. You have taken care of the taxes on the side fund annually along the way, but the traditional IRA (both growth and contributions) is taxed at your current marginal tax rate at the time you cash out.
The table below shows you how this looks with tax rates of 22 percent, 32 percent, and 37 percent at the time you cash out (winners are in bold):
| Marginal tax rate at cash-out | 10 years @ 6% | 20 years @ 6% | 30 years @ 6% | 40 years @ 6% |
| 22% |
Trad: $74,557 Roth: $69,858 |
Trad: $202,074 Roth: $194,964 |
Trad: $421,482 Roth: $419,008 |
Trad: $801,048 Roth: $820,238 |
| 32% |
Trad: $67,571 Roth: $69,858 |
Trad: $182,578 Roth: $194,964 |
Trad: $379,581 Roth: $419,008 |
Trad: $719,024 Roth: $820,238 |
| 37% |
Trad: $64,079 Roth: $69,858 |
Trad: $172,830 Roth: $194,964 |
Trad: $358,630 Roth: $419,008 |
Trad: $678,012 Roth: $820,238 |
You can see that the traditional IRA needs a low tax rate at the time of cash-out to win. But even in the 22 percent cash-out tax rate, the Roth wins at the 40-year mark.
Rate of Growth
What about your rate of growth? Do variances here change things any? Let’s take a look.
Here, we’ll look at different rates of growth for a fixed period (30 years) before you withdraw your money. Once again, we’ll consider three different marginal tax rates at the time you cash out—22 percent, 32 percent, and 37 percent.
| Marginal tax rate at cash-out | 3% for 30 years | 6% for 30 years | 9% for 30 years | 12% for 30 years |
| 22% |
Trad: $257,760 Roth: $245,013 |
Trad: $421,482 Roth: $419,008 |
Trad: $716,547 Roth: $742,876 |
Trad: $1,256,032 Roth: $1,351,463 |
| 32% |
Trad: $233,259 Roth: $245,013 |
Trad: $379,581 Roth: $419,008 |
Trad: $642,260 Roth: $742,876 |
Trad: $1,120,886 Roth: $1,351,463 |
| 37% |
Trad: $221,008 Roth: $245,013 |
Trad: $358,630 Roth: $419,008 |
Trad: $605,116 Roth: $742,876 |
Trad: $1,053,312 Roth: $1,351,463 |
In the scenarios above, the traditional IRA/side fund combo wins only when your marginal tax rate is lower at the time of withdrawal and only at the lower growth rates.
At higher rates of return—9 percent and 12 percent, in our examples above—the Roth still wins, even if you’re in a higher tax bracket when you withdraw your money.
Tax Factor
What’s going on here?
For starters, the side fund is not tax-favored in any way. Plus, taxes hobble your cash-out on the traditional IRA:
• You pay taxes as you earn the money in the side fund.
• You pay taxes on the accumulated growth inside the traditional IRA when you withdraw the money.
We specialize in helping clients clarify their taxes so they keep more of their money. Many small business owners who come to see us in Fort Worth, TX generally do not understand the tax law enough to explain it to a fifth grader.
If you or someone you know is self-employed or a small business owner, please feel free to contact me by scheduling a call, or by emailing at [email protected].
Tatsiana B. Bender
Bender CPA, PLLC
Fort Worth, TX 76107
[email protected]
Phone: (817) 313-4352
Bender-CPA.com
